Paramilitarism Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paramilitarism Project - Essay Example 1997 pp 1-18) The first known paramilitary law enforcement unit dates back to the Roman Empire as early as the year 6 A.D. (Sommerfield 2006) Originally made up of freed slaves, the group was formed for the sole purpose of protecting the Roman cities from fire, the group’s number and powers grew. Eventually free civilians joined their ranks and this law enforcement group elevated to elite status. (Sommerfield 2006) One hundred years later, policing evolved into a ‘head of state’ function across Europe. Lords and aristocratic figures often appointed representatives to maintain order. The English Saxons were similarly constructed. ‘Citizens were divided into groups often called tythings, each of which was headed by a tything man.’ (Sommerfield 2006) The tything groups were each part of a larger group that reported to a Shire-reeve from which the word sheriff originates. The Norman feudalism system witnessed a further revolution of the policy strategy. The tything man evolved into the parish constable who was accountable to the Sheriff who in turn evolved into the Justice of the Peace. (Sommerfield) By the 17th century policing strategies were firmly established. The police system primarily consisted of guards who were appointed from among the general citizenry. They were employed without compensation to watch the city gates and patrolled the streets on foot. As times changed, populations and economic structures grew to a point where this form of policing was no longer practical. As a result the first modern day police force was formed. This notoriety belongs to the London Metropolitan Police. Formed in 1829, the London Metropolitan Police became a model for which many commonwealth countries, inclusive of the United States of America would form their own police force. (Metropolitan Police) Paramilitary policing is not something that only came to fruition in recent years. Throughout history, there has always been a

Common Leadership Traits - National Football League Assignment - 1

Common Leadership Traits - National Football League - Assignment Example Likewise, the methods for developing leaders in this industry would be determined; as well as the strategies for the manner by which industry leaders balance competing values and priorities. Finally, a proposal to avoid managerial derailment and failure would be provided, as required. First and foremost, the leaders in the football industry were identified to be the managers of the team, as well as the coaches (Macguire, 2013; Crust & Lawrence, 2006). The leadership traits in the industry were emphasized to focus on two crucial facets: â€Å"hardiness and mental toughness (i.e. achievement oriented, persistence, self-confidence, stress tolerance etc.)† (Crust & Lawrence, 2006, p. 37). Likewise, other leadership traits that were deemed essential for a football manager is summed, to wit: â€Å"the ability to function effectively, not just in terms of remaining healthy, but also in terms of decision-making and remaining clear and logical in thought when experiencing adversity† (Crust & Lawrence, 2006, p. 38). Other traits that were noted by Macguire (2013) to be common in football, and other sports, for that matter, were passion, possession of people skills and effective communication skills (or the ability to give clear instructions). Likewise, there are also traits which were studied to be important to be manifested by leaders in the football discipline to ensure success in the endeavor, such as: â€Å"adaptability, self-confidence, and persistence; as well as skills such as intelligence, creativity and knowledge of the group† (Stogdill, 1974; cited in Crust & Lawrence, 2006, p. 41). Concurrently, for coaches, the common leadership traits that were observed and recommended to be present; and which allegedly influences the performance of players are as follows: closeness, commitment, and complementarity (Crust & Lawrence, 2006). From the interview conducted on football managers, most have asserted that leaders in this industry must be able to exercise their skills in discerning and managing their people.  Ã‚