Rhodes and Barnato essays

Rhodes and Barnato expositions This is an account of two men who made an organization that would lead an industry and an age. They fashioned the picture that jewels are perpetually so as to advance the painstakingly developed dream of significant worth. These two men are Barney Barnato and Cecil John Rhodes who together through their endeavors in Africa made the precious stone and mining organization of De Beers Consolidated Mines. This organization, cartel truly, controlled 95% of all precious stone exchanging the world. The main other substance history has seen that may have equaled De Beers in force and impact was the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages. In any case, even this relationship misses the mark regarding the sheer position and predominance that De Beers has, in its industry as well as in all fields. Two totally different men made this domain, and this is their story. Barney Barnato was maybe one of the best South African legends. He discovered his fortune and acclaim as a youngster in the mission for the precious stones of Africa. Conceived Barnett Isaacs on July 5, 1852 in the East End of London, he was the child of a poor recycled attire sales rep. Barnato was not very accomplished, dropping out of school at age 13. Be that as it may, he was unfathomably keen and canny, and in this manner an ideal agent. He could change his character to fit any circumstance, assuming the job of either an influential man or a powerless blockhead so as to make an arrangement. From the time Barnato entered school he would exchange whatever could present to him a benefit. He, among his classmates, would exchange any number of things, including licorice, trim, toffee, metal catches and lager bottle marks. Because of his absence of instruction anyway he didn't enter the expert world straightforwardly. His first employment was as a bouncer and tapster at a bar, claimed by his sister Kates spouse. Barneys sibling, Harry, would perform enchantment appears there as diversion and Barney would be his associate. Harry thought about h... <!

Business and Management National Organisational Cultures

Question: Depict about the Business and Management for National Organizational Cultures. Answer: Presentation Being presented to social trades among staff and customers offers expanded opportunities to build up a crucial neighborliness industry, particularly in the light of business globalization (Ogbonna Harris, 2000). I have certain qualities which have not just helped me to develop in my association, however have likewise impacted my life and profession objectives. This diary is a record of such qualities and how national and hierarchical societies have influenced my authority points of view. It is a record of the various ramifications for driving in various societies, where noteworthy holes between my present capacities or effective reach and authority yearnings have been expounded. Key hypothetical structures have been examined as for illuminating and controlling my advancement plan. Individual and Professional Development Plan (PPDP) for proceeded with Leadership Development I mean to satisfy my targets inside a time of two years. My principle destinations incorporate figuring out how to control my annoyance and grasping a wide range of demeanors. Being in the cordiality business implies I am required to regard, comprehend and oblige the necessities of every one of my clients. I am additionally expected to do likewise with my subordinates. I target staying up with the latest with accommodation rehearses where I will try out low maintenance the board aptitudes course. While working at the café, I will attempt to discover what others in my position have done so as to prevail in their vocation objectives. Stage 1: Values and their effect on life and vocation objectives As I had just expressed before in my administration task, I work in the neighborliness business where one is required to have a mindful and understanding nature to support their clients. These clients are from various different backgrounds and accordingly need various methods of overseeing them and taking into account their different needs. I additionally referenced that I function as the chief in an eatery where I am responsible for various exercises, for example, dealing with all café staff, helping visitors, and offering prerequisites for all dinners (Worsfold, n.d.). Working in the cordiality business implies one must have values as a pioneer. I have talked about my qualities and their effect on my life and vocation objectives beneath. Objectives Qualities behind the objectives Impact of qualities on life and profession objectives To show restraint toward my customers and address their requirements I ought to comprehend that various clients have various necessities, given the decent variety of my works nature The rule of the client is in every case right ought to be appropriate for this situation To have regard for myself and people around me I should treat individuals with respect and empathy, paying little heed to their experiences, nationality, ethnicity, sex, or sexual direction In the event that I figure out how to offer regard to other people, at that point I will be regarded at long last To have the option to satisfy desires for my subordinates and clients I ought to be solid and legitimate in all that I do around the eatery so as to create uprightness Having trustworthiness will empower me to exhibit moral immovability, yet in addition be reliable I accept qualities to be the core values throughout my life and being a pioneer happens with regards to guiding principle. It is difficult filling in as a chief in a major eatery and that is the reason I have discovered that I have to treat individuals with empathy and poise, something which will bring about creation a positive effect on my partners and clients. Having these and different qualities has extraordinarily affected my life and profession objectives, furnishing me with a reasonable viewpoint and bearing concerning where I need to be in future. I accept this is likewise the motivation behind why I have made extraordinary progress in such a brief timeframe. Stage 2: Action Plan For this piece of the report, I have talked about the achievements and assessed finish time of the objectives featured above, so as to give an away from of the arrangement. Objective Achievements Assessed fulfillment period To show restraint toward my customers and address their necessities Setting aside effort to realize what every individual client likes or needs Learning the various demeanors for customers visiting the café a half year a half year To have regard for myself and people around me Being aware of how I hold myself around clients and my subordinates Figuring out how to acknowledge reactions and supplements from the clients and subordinates 5 months 3 months To have the option to satisfy desires for my subordinates and clients Being straightforward in all that I do Showing unwavering quality and moral conduct especially with choices made multi month a half year To take a crack at low maintenance courses Figuring out how to address various issues and peace making a year The impact of national and hierarchical societies on my administration viewpoints, and the suggestions for driving in various societies (social assorted variety and suggestions for compelling authority) Functioning as an administrator in a major eatery implies that I need to consider each individual needs and inclinations. I additionally need to energize the foundation of a favorable workplace where all staff and clients can feel good and safe. In my profession, social decent variety will in general have a couple of suggestions for compelling administration. That is the reason it is significant that I comprehend representatives culture in the eatery since their national culture can have an effect on their view of work setting and its components. Except if as a pioneer I am ready to do my subordinates desires for what administration direct should be inside a given social setting, at that point I won't be viable. As a pioneer, I am relied upon to cultivate a workplace that empowers duty from the staff and clients the same. Prominently, ones degree of pledge to the business may be particular given their various perspectives, convictions, and individual qualities that are spoken to in various national and authoritative societies. Besides, I ought to guarantee that the menu is comprehensive of various cooking styles for the assorted demographic that advances the eatery. By so doing, I won't just be going about as a viable pioneer, yet will likewise be going about as a good example to my subordinates and future pioneers. In todays globalized work setting, having a multicultural group is viewed as the standard. Regardless of whether a pioneer is Western or Eastern will decide how they associate with others. In the event that, for example, I was a bashful administrator or pioneer, that may be viewed as impolite in certain societies. Being forceful, then again, may appear to be somewhat overpowering to other people (Bono Judge, 2004). I would accept that my past model where a client discovered me aloof was on the grounds that in her way of life, I appeared to be excessively compromising and forceful in appearance and direct. I have discovered that driving in various societies is tied in with grasping contrasts and the correct switches at the correct occasions to get the best out of both the staff and clients. I have likewise discovered that a solitary authority style isn't relevant in the friendliness business given its differing nature. I in this way should pick the most pertinent initiative styles to use as a pioneer and boss in my profession. Stage 3: Reflection on the made PPDP that advises and directs me In the ongoing past, various examinations have been done to explore how pioneers become compelling. Additionally, different hypotheses have likewise been created to recognize the elements impacting the viability of pioneers. For my case, there are a couple of hypotheses of successful administration that advise and direct my advancement plan, and these are Path-Goal Model hypothesis, Transformational Theory, and Contingency Theories. The Path-Goal Model directs that a pioneer can influence the presentation and inspiration of a group by expelling execution impediments, explaining ways towards execution objectives, and offering compensations for the fulfillment of these objectives (Bernard Bass, 2008). This specific model is pertinent in my picked vocation way in light of the fact that as a chief of a huge café, I manage various people from varying backgrounds. I likewise deal with a various workforce and such inspiration is vital for the accomplishment and achievement of the business. The way objective model accept that pioneers can be adaptable to embrace any initiative style as per circumstances. The Trait hypothesis builds up that a successful pioneer is either conceived or is made with specific characteristics that make him/her exceed expectations in influential positions (Christopher Houghton, 2006). Having the option to comprehend another people feelings and attempting to draw out the best in them are maybe a portion of my significant qualities as a viable pioneer and a devoted group specialist. As a pioneer who has an awareness of other's expectations, imagination, and different qualities, I am ready to rouse my subordinates with their character and vision to change discernments, and desires for moving in the direction of shared objectives. I endeavor to rouse the staff to accomplish uncommon outcomes while building up their own administration limit. A third administration hypothesis that educates and directs my advancement plan is the Participative hypothesis. This hypothesis expect that contribution in dynamic will in general improve the comprehension of issues required by the individuals who must do the choices (Zaleznik, 2002). This implies individuals are progressively dedicated to activities where they have engaged with the significant dynamic. As a pioneer in a major eatery, I am confronted with various difficulties all the time. A portion of these difficulties incorporate miscommunication and misconception of what is anticipated from the subordinates. It might likewise be a misconception between the st

Some Animals Can Adapt or Mutate for Survival

A few Animals Can Adapt or Mutate for Survival An adjustment is a physical or social trademark that has created to permit a life form to all the more likely make due in its condition. Adjustments are the consequence of evolutionâ and may happen when a quality transforms or changes coincidentally. That transformation makes the living being better endure and repeat, and it gives that characteristic to its posterity. It can take numerous ages to build up an adjustment. Instances of Physical Adaptations One physical adjustment utilized in the intertidal zone is a crabs hard shell, which shields it from predators, drying out, and being squashed by waves. One case of social adjustment in the seas is the utilization of uproarious, low-recurrence calls by blade whales to speak with different whales over significant stretches. Other physical adjustments that have been fundamentally altered may incorporate webbed feet, sharpâ claws and huge bills. Different changes made to a piece of the body could be wings/flying, quills, hide, or scales. Ways Behavioral Changes Occur Social adjustments incorporate a creatures activities, which commonly are because of an outside improvement. A few of these may incorporate what a creature is equipped for eating, how they move, or the manner in which they secure themselves. Accept squirrels for instance of a conduct adjustment. Squirrels, woodchucks, and chipmunks can rest for as long as a year, regularly expending a lot of nourishment in anticipation of winter. In this situation, these little creatures have figured out how to advance in a season to shield themselves from cruel climate conditions, protecting nourishment, and their condition. Fascinating Animal Adaptations The maned wolf (presented above) is a piece of the canid family however is just a far off family member. The hypothesis says their legs developed to endure the tall fields of South America.The gerenuk can stand taller over the remainder of the impala species, which offers them a unique taking care of chance. There are more than ninety-one types of gazelle, making a lot of rivalry among them.The tufted deer from China has teeth swinging from their mouths that are regularly utilized in mating battles between guys. Most deer don't have this interesting adjustment. A True Advantage The capacity for well evolved creatures to adjust all through the planet is a piece of why we have such a large number of assorted creatures existing today in our territories, oceans, and skies. Animals can shield themselves from predators and adjust to new conditions through adjustments and changes, in contrast to people. For instance, creatures that are covered regularly have hues or examples that can help them in mixing in with their environmental factors. This will profit them over the long haul, truly, with regards to predators. Transformations may likewise happen through an adjustment in DNA. What a living well evolved creature is brought into the world with may change how it develops and what it can do over time. Through these potential outcomes would animals be able to have a bigger chance to endure their hazardous surroundings and proceed with the hover of life by having posterity. This is the procedure known as common determination.

Research Methods For Business Coursework - 1375 Words

Research Methods For Business (Coursework Sample) Content: RESEARCH METHODS FOR BUSINESSby (Name)CourseInstructorInstitutionThe City and State where it is locatedDateResearch Methods for BusinessIntroductionThe university was known as the University of North Wales before its name was changed to the Bangor University. The institution was founded in October 18, 1884, as a result of campaigns in North Wales for a new college. Residents of North Wales had been really instrumental in its establishment including quarrymen who subscribed over 1,200 pounds to the university. The quarrymen also organized a procession during the opening ceremony whereby the Earl of Powis, who was also the first college president, graced the event and gave an opening speech.In 1885, the university was incorporated with Royal Charter where the students of the University of Wales received degrees from the University of London; this continued until the year 1893 when the UCNW took over and founded a constituent institution of the federal University of Wale s.The name of the university changed from the University of Wales to the Bangor University after a decision that it was no longer going to be a federal university. This meant that they no longer wanted to collaborate with other institutions such as the University of London, and were determined to begin offering their own degrees just like the University of London. The university took on the name Bangor University soon after the decision. Students who graduated after 2009 received degrees from the University of Bangor, while those who enrolled or graduated after 2009 could choose if they wanted the University of Wales or the Bangor University name in their degree certificates.Method of ResearchThe best way to identify university characteristics is through studying rankings. Various magazines, newspapers, and journals published by different companies carry out regular survey on universities around the world and rank them according to various characteristics. The Bangor University is a mong the globally ranked universities. For instance, according to the "Times Higher Education Ranking" carried out in 2015, the institution was among the top 100 international universities.Another way of carrying out an analysis or research on a university is by visiting the universityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s website. Bangor University has a website that presents detailed description of the university including the courses it offers, accommodations, and other information about the institution. Through the website, one can also contact the university representatives and get more information. Besides, the website of the university also publishes a university journal whereby it gives information on the progress of its students and development of institution; this is another source of information for the research.FindingsCampus BuildingsThe first university building that hosted only 58 students and 12 members of teaching staff was an old coaching inn at Penrhyn Arms Hotel. In 1911, it was moved to an arts building which was significantly larger than the first building that was designed by Henry Hare. The move was seen as a significant and the king of the time, King Edward VII graced the ceremony and laid a foundation stone on the 9th of July, 1907, however, the university was later on officially opened by King George V in 1911. The building does not only have an exceptional design but also an exceptional view. It has a highly visible view of Bangor including the Bangor Mountain. In addition, it is actually positioned on a hill hence the nickname "the college on the hill." In 1949, the building became a Grade I listed structure. In 1969, it also went through an improvement whereby a quadrangle on the college roadside of the building was completed (Miller 1995). The extension was considered modern and is now referred to as the Main Arts building.AccommodationThere are some considerations in the provision of accommodation to various students. For instance, unmarried first year u ndergraduate students are guaranteed accommodation at Bangor soon after admission. The University has over 2,000 rooms in buildings known as the halls of residence within the university. The halls of residence are within a walking distance from the university. They are in four different sites but all in close proximity to the university. Ffriddoedd site is the universityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s largest accommodation site. Moreover, it is close to the city center and the Science Site, and has seventeen en-suite halls. Another big site is the Neuadd Reichel, which has a coffee shop, a convenience shop sport center, bar, and launderettes.OrganizationThe university has five different colleges that have divided into institutes or schools. The different institutions of the university are top rank (Miller 1995). The five schools include the College of Business, Law, Education, and Social Sciences; the College of Arts and Humanities; College of Health and Behavioral Sciences; the College of Physical an d Applied Sciences; and the School of Natural Sciences. These different colleges offer various degree courses, for instance, the college of Art and Humanities has eleven schools, which offer different courses.How to Extend the StudyAnother best method of learning about the university is through visiting and carrying out interviews. During the visit, the focus should be on the student life and the following could be found: there is a Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Union that offers support, entertainment and various co-curriculum activities to students of the university. Students of Bangor University are all automatically members of the union unless one chooses otherwise. In the university committee, there is a provision for student union heads and officials. Leaders and officials of the studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s union are elected yearly, and only students of Bangor University could be elected on the positions. The candidates are allowed to campaign and seek votes but once they are in office, their t ask is to putting the union in order because if anything happens in the name of the union or any action by the students, then the union officials are held accountable (Roberts 2009).Students have a department called the Student Volunteering Bangor, which is in charge of organizing volunteer services for the students. The students through the department manage to offer over 600 volunteering opportunities in over 30 community-based programs. In total, it has been estimated that the students dedicate over 600 hours on volunteer work per week. This department has developed a volunteer culture in the university and this has earned the institution a good reputation not to mention the several awards including the 2012 Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Award for Voluntary Service. The oldest event organized by the department was a tea party for local elderly residents in 1952, which became part of the culture that still goes on to date.Another program that has made a mark in the university is the Nightline . This program is an information service, listening service and support service that is run by students...

The Career And Profession Of Nursing - 1864 Words

Abstract Throughout almost the entire history of nursing, it has been most closely associated with being a field or profession for women. However, men have played a significant role in the history of nursing, though this is not as discussed or taught about nearly as frequently as other female figures in history, such as Florence Nightingale. Men have had a firm presence since the very beginnings of this profession, dating as far back as the times of the bubonic plague. In addition, men also had their beginnings in nursing with religious affiliations. Clearly, gender roles and gender identification play a major role in this perception of nursing as primarily a woman’s career and profession throughout the years. Today, there have been significant changes in the field of nursing in regards to men and their presence in this profession, meriting further discussion. History of Men in Nursing: Then and Now While it may be true that the field of nursing is comprised of mostly women, men do have a long-standing history of working in the field as nurses. However, gender roles play an important role in the history of men in the nursing field, as well as the present status of men in the field. To further investigate this issue, the history of men in the nursing field will be contrasted with the present-day status of men working as nurses within the medical field. Evans explored the history of men in the field of nursing by investigating the countries of Canada, the UnitedShow MoreRelatedThe Career Of A Nursing Profession876 Words   |  4 PagesEven though a nursing profession is a time consuming and stressful career, the longing and desire to be a nurse has always remained in me. There are many different professions in the medical field that I considered at one point and worked different jobs. 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The Impact Of Finance On Real Estate Assets And The...

From my previous work experience within real estate private equity, accounting and debt strategies, I knew what they all had in common and what I really enjoyed doing. I realized that what fascinated me was the influence of finance on real estate assets and the economic outlook of the entire world economy. Studying modules such as, Financial Markets, Multinational Financial Management, Financial Statistics, Mathematics and Economics at university level was the revelation that perfectly matched my ambition in what I wanted to do. Studying the different factors that influence financial markets, organisations and entire nations is combining my interests for Finance to the balance I aimed for. I consider myself fortunate in having the†¦show more content†¦My average grade from my 2nd year is 74% and I achieved an average of 1.5 from my year abroad in Germany. Furthermore, I have achieved an average of 76% for the first semester of my final year; as such I am predicted to graduat e with a high 1st class degree in International Business and Finance. Moreover, I have an innate interest in quantitative subjects, which has been demonstrated by the excellent results achieved in subjects such as, Collecting and Using Business Data (80%), Understanding Business Data (82%), Macroeconomic Analysis (79%) and Quantitative Techniques (87%). With more than 50 Credits in quantitative modules coupled with practical financial modelling experience, I believe I am equipped with the necessary background to cope with the requirements of the MSc Finance at LSE. I believe that what is being looked from applicants is ambition to develop the field of Finance in innovative ways that can help the discipline to move forward. Moreover, The MSc Finance Part-time will require individuals that are able to balance both academic and work commitments. In relation to that I am enthusiastic, committed, positive and an independent learner who is able to demonstrate initiative and creative thought. I have developed extremely efficient time management skills while successfully balancing my academic life

New Sources of Development Finance

Question: Discuss about the Report on New Sources Of Development Finance? Answer: Sources of finance available to a business Identification of sources of finance Internal sources Owners investment: This is personal funds or savings of a business owner or his or her family and friends which is invested in the business. Retained profits: Retained profits are earnings that remain after payment of all sorts of obligations and get reinvested in the business (Bodie and Merton, 2011). Sale of assets: An organisation can sale its assets such as product inventories, unused lands and equipments for raising funds. External sources Bank loans: Bank loans are funds borrowed from banks against set rate of interest and set date of repayment. Purchase of shares: Public limited companies have the option to sell shares via stock exchanges to raise funds from the public (Jarrow et al., 2011). Grants: Some business has access to local and central government grants for purchasing certain types of businesses. Assessment of implications of sources of finance Sources of finance Advantageous implications Disadvantageous implications Owners investment Quick access, no interest burden, no application forms Money cannot be used on other items Retained profits No need to borrow funds and hence, no question of interest payment, no loss of control or ownership (Bishop, 2004). Money is not available or scarcely available for alternative spending Asset sale Quick and easy access, no loss of ownership or control Sale of too much assets may reduce company assets and hamper operations Bank loan Asset guarantees and interest obligations removes pressure from the borrowing organizations as well as from the bank. The organisation retains ownership and control Presence of interest burdens and obligation to pay the principle on fixed date. Considerable high credit score is required (Newlyn, 2005) Shares Large funds can be obtained with no interest burden Loss of ownership and control Grants No repayment is required Only available under highly necessary conditions Evaluation of appropriate sources of finance For evaluation of appropriate sources of finance, an expansion project has been selected that involves public limited company retailing grocery products opening of two new stores in London. Upon evaluation, it has been found out that the most suitable sources of finance for the company are bank loan which is a debt finance and sale of shares, which is equity finance. These two sources of finance has been considered as appropriate sources because of the flowing reasons Bank loan Bank loan is a cheaper source of finance and more debt provides cost advantage (Newlyn, 2005). Moreover, it does not lead to loss of ownership or control and the time required to use the loan fund can be kept within the loan period. However, taking in to consideration the fact that debt financing is associated with interest obligation and put the company on to interest rate risk, it has been decided to keep debt financing below 40% in the capital structure of the expansion project. Shares Issue of shares is costlier than debt financing and leads to dilution of ownership and control. However, taking in to consideration the fact that it is easily available, free from interest burdens and a large amount of fund can be obtained, the company has decided to cover 60% of its capital structure with equity financing. Implications of finance in a business Analysis of costs of sources of finance Owners investment: The main costs of owners investment are costs of providing financial reports, conducting audits, share flotation and administrative and legal costs. Retained profit: Retained profit is connected to opportunity cost i.e. cost of losing the opportunity of using the funds for alternative expenditures (Groppelli and Nikbakht, 2011). Sale of assets: Sale of assets is costly in the sense that it leads to loss of company value and organisational efficiency. Bank loan: The main costs associated with bank loan are interests, factor charge and costs of providing lender information Sale of shares: Costs associated with sale of shares are issuing costs and dividends. Grants: The major costs connected to grants are administrative, fund application and application form filling costs (Groppelli and Nikbakht, 2011). Assessment of importance of financial planning Financial planning is helpful to an organisation in many different ways. Financial planning aids an organisation in appropriately funding its own activities through identification of financial priorities, allocation of funds for meeting expenses, reduction of credit use, uncertainty and financial affairs related conflicts and facilitating investments and savings to reach financial goals. Along this line, it can be stated that financial planning streamlines the process of management and monitoring of incomes and expenses, creating investment opportunities, saving funds and creating a long term capital base. Assessment of information needs of different decision makers Internal decision makers Shareholders: Shareholders of an organisation require considerable amount of information regarding profitability, asset base, net worth and cash availability. Managers: Managers require wide range of information regarding profit performance, growth, planning, controlling and organizing activities. External decision makers Government: The government needs wide range of information to know whether an organisation complies with regulatory bodies, creates employment, contributes to economic growth, supports environment addresses green issues and climate change and pays income tax. Funding organizations: These organizations require considerable amount of information regarding profitability, liquidity, fixed and current asset base, interest cover and gearing ratios. Customers: The information requirements of customers are lesser in comparison to that of others however; they require considerable information regarding quality of goods and services of an organisation and extent of ethical compliance. Analysis of impact of finance on financial statements Finance Impact on balance sheet Impact on income statement Owners investment Increases owners equity fund Increases net income Retained profits Increases owners equity Increases net profit after tax Asset sale Decreases current on long term assets depending on the type of asset sold (Atkinson, 2005) Increases non operating income Bank loan Increases short term long term asset and liability by the same amount liability depending upon the type of loan taken (Finney, 2011) Increases interest expense Shares Increases owners equity Increases non operating income Grants Increases short term long term assets Increases non operating income Financial decision making using financial information Analysis of budgets with appropriate decisions Calculation of cash budget The following cash budget has been prepared for forecasting cash inflows and outflows from a new grocery soap during the first six months of its operation Particulars () April May June July August September Cash inflow Credit sales 693000 762300 838530 922383 1014621 1116083 Cash sales 77000 84700 93170 102487 112736 124009 Total cash inflow 770000 847000 931700 1024870 1127357 1240093 Cash outflows Cash purchases 650000 520000 416000 332800 266240 212992 Credit purchases 60500 48400 38720 30976 24781 19825 Rent payment 30000 30000 Bank loan repayment 16500 13200 10560 8448 6758 5407 Other expenses 88000 70400 56320 45056 36045 28836 Total cash outflow 845000 652000 521600 447280 333824 267059 Net cash flow -75000 195000 410100 577590 793533 973034 Opening cash balance 50000 -25000 170000 580100 1157690 1951223 Net cash flow at the end of the month -25000 170000 580100 1157690 1951223 2924257 Analysis of cash budget Analysis of the above cash budget reveals that in the month of April, there will be a cash deficit of -25000. This cash deficit can be managed and converted to cash surplus by stringent credit policies, bank reconciliations and negotiation of flexible credit terms with suppliers. Analysis also reveals that after the month of April there will be cash surpluses for the next five months and the figures are expected to be 170000, 2924257, 1157690, 1951223 and 580100 for the months of May, June, July, August and September respectively. This surplus cash can be used for paying current debts and for investing in profitable projector expansions. Calculation of unit costs and pricing decisions Unit cost Unit cost is the total cost incurred in the process of manufacturing and delivering one unit of a product. The formula for calculation of unit cost is Per unit cost = (total variable cost + total fixed cost) / total number of units sold Another formula is Per unit cost = (Selling price profit) / number of units sold. From the above formula, it is clear that unit cost is obtained by deducting mark up profit from selling price. Pricing decisions Since variable costs change as per changes in level of operations and fixed cost do not change as per the same, variable cost is more relevant in the context of pricing decisions. This is mainly because of the fact that variable cost act as an important determinant of breakeven point i.e. the point at which income and expense is same for a business. Assessment of project viability as per investment appraisal techniques Different investment appraisal techniques Some of the most important project appraisal techniques have been described below Project appraisal technique Definition Decision rule Advantages Disadvantages Net present value (NPV) NPV is present value of future cash flows present value of initial investment (Johnson, 2009). A project is accepted when NPV is positive Time value money and entire life cycle of a project is considered Method is complex and sensitive to cost of capital (Wilkes, 2010) Payback period It is the time taken to recover initial investments A project is accepted when calculated payback period is shorter than targeted payback period Simple and easily understandable technique. Over simplified and ignores time value of money Internal rate of return (IRR) It is the rate of return at which initial investment is equal to present value of future cash flows A project is accepted when IRR is greater than cost of capital (Johnson, 2009). Takes in to consideration time value of money Fails to give accurate results in case of mutually exclusive projects. Application of the NPV technique In the following table, NPV of an expansion project has been calculated Cash flow () Project A Discounting rate Discounted cash flows Investment (cash outflow) 143000 Year 1 - cash inflow 38500 1 34997 Year 2 - cash inflow 49500 1 40887 Year 3 - cash inflow 60500 1 45436 Year 4 - cash inflow 71500 1 48835 Total discounted cash flow 170154 NPV 27154 Since NPV of the project is positive, the project can be considered feasible and profitable and thus, the same should be accepted. Financial performance of business Discussion on the main financial statements Balance sheet: Balance sheet is important because it is the statement of financial position on a particular date. It aids in depicting what is claimed and owned against assets. The main elements of a balance sheet are assets, liabilities and owners equity (Foulke, 2006). Profit and loss account: Profit and loss account is important in the sense that it depicts income and expenditure (Fridson and Alvarez, 2007). It serves the purposes reflecting earning capacity. Main elements of this statement are incomes and expenses. Comparison of formats of financial statements of different businesses Criteria Sole trader Partnership Limited company Representation Financial statements reflect age records and audit trail Financial statements represent profit, loss and capital contributions Main forms of financial statements are balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement Focus Financial statements depict income tax and NI Cash balances of partners are represented Profitability, liquidity, efficiency and solvency Complexity Least complex Moderately complex Highly complex Requirement Not mandatory Not mandatory Mandatory Ratio analysis and interpretation Calculation, analysis and interpretations of ratios have been done in the context of BA Ratio Calculation 2012 2013 2014 Analysis Interpretation Profitability ratios Gross profit margin Gross profit / net sales x 100 16 15.4 15.4 Gross profit margin shows a decreasing trend Overall profitability of BA is decreasing Net profit margin Net profit / net sales x 100 4.77 5.29 6 The trend of net profit margin is increasing Profit from operating activities and pricing strategies of BA is increasing (Horrigan, 2010) Liquidity ratios Current ratio Current assets / current liabilities 1.27 1.26 1.2 The trend of current ratio is decreasing Short term liquidity position is deteriorating Quick ratio (Current assets - inventories) / current liabilities 0.43 0.42 0.37 The trend of quick ratio is also decreasing (Palmer, 2006) Short term liquidity position is deteriorating Gearing ratios Debt to equity ratio Total debt / total equity 1.53 0.54 0.94 Debt to equity ratio shows a shows a decreasing trend The percentage of debt in capital structure of BA is decreasing thereby indicating reduced exposure to interest rate risk and bankruptcy risk (Weston and Brigham, 2006). 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